The ECB in late December doled out a total of €489 billion ($644 billion) in three-year loans at a 1% interest rate to 523 banks. The primary goal was to avert problems at banks that faced waves of maturing debt but didn't have access to borrow money via traditional funding markets.
The broad participation in the program, known as the Long-Term Refinancing Operation, fueled a sense of euphoria among many bank executives and investors that the worst of the Continent's two-year banking crisis was over. In a second batch of loans in late February, analysts expect the ECB to distribute as much as €1 trillion in additional funds, partly because the central bank is making it easier for banks to borrow.
But some bankers and observers are starting to warn about unexpected fallout from the ECB's loan program. A top concern among banks is that the receipt of central-bank lifelines could subject them to potential political or regulatory interference and sully their ability to declare themselves free of any outside help. That sentiment has the potential to damp demand for future ECB loans, at least among the Continent's strongest banks.
It isn't yet clear how many banks declined to borrow but the list includes Deutsche Bank AG and Barclays PLC. While the ECB doesn't divulge which banks borrowed, most companies are expected to disclose the information as they release annual results this month.
More than two years after an unprecedented wave of government and central-bank bailouts of financial institutions in the U.S. and Europe, the latest situation illustrates how banks remain sensitive to being branded as bailout beneficiaries. Such fears have the potential to undermine the effectiveness of financial-rescue missions if strong banks feel discouraged from participating.
"The fact that we have never taken any money from the government has made us, from a reputation point of view, so attractive with so many clients in the world that we would be very reluctant to give that up," said Josef Ackermann, Deutsche Bank's chief executive, explaining to analysts last week why the German lender didn't borrow from the ECB.
Mr. Ackermann said Deutsche Bank still is scarred from its experience borrowing from the Federal Reserve in the first phase of the financial crisis in 2008. U.S. regulators encouraged banks to borrow under the cloak of promised confidentiality, but when the banks' identities were subsequently disclosed by the Fed, the recipients were dubbed bailout recipients. "We learned a lesson," Mr. Ackermann said.
Other bank executives privately have voiced similar opinions. Some of that sentiment is likely to surface publicly in coming weeks as banks report annual results and executives face questions from investors about whether they borrowed from the ECB.
In the U.K., the Financial Services Authority informally encouraged the banks to tap the ECB loan program, although the regulator also made clear that the decision was up to the individual banks, according to executives with several British banks. The goal of the FSA, shared by other European regulators, was to promote broad use of the facility and reduce any stigma associated with borrowing, said people familiar with the matter.
A number of top British banks, including Barclays, Standard Chartered PLC and Lloyds Banking Group PLC, opted not to borrow from the ECB, according to people familiar with the matter.
Part of the reason some banks didn't borrow, executives said, is they didn't need the funds. Regulators have been pushing them for years to stockpile ever-greater pools of liquidity. The banks' relative strength has allowed them to tiptoe back into the funding markets this year without leaning on the ECB. But the executives said they also were worried about the potential stigma associated with the loans.
"I didn't want to take any risk" of harming the bank's reputation by accepting what could be construed as bailout funds, said the CEO of one top bank.
Some observers said the banks are right to be worried.
"Those heavily reliant on ECB funding run risks of interference as a price for continued support. This may come to be seen as a form of nationalization," said Simon Samuels, a European banking analyst at Barclays Capital. He said bank executives are likely to worry that regulators will view their dependence on ECB funds as a sign of a broken business model and will pressure them to restructure operations.
Such concerns are peripheral for banks that potentially were going to have trouble refinancing maturing debt at nonpunitive prices. Virtually every major French, Spanish and Italian bank borrowed billions of euros from the ECB, according to bank disclosures and people familiar with the matter. Among those was Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria SA, Spain's second-largest lender by assets, which borrowed €11 billion, the bank's president told analysts last week.
Some healthy banks also pounced on the opportunity for inexpensive three-year funding. HSBC Holdings PLC was among those that borrowed even though it didn't need the money, according to people familiar with the matter. Any profits the British bank reaps from investing the borrowed funds will be segregated from HSBC's bonus pool, one person said.
read more: Olympus Wealth Management
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